ESD (Emergency Shut Down)Valves have torque safety factors that can vary from 1.3 up to 2, depending on project specifications, and can also vary from Break to Open, running & End to close positions.

If there is anything that could cause a greater inrush current in a pilot operated solenoid valve. Such as water pressure.

Closing time for fuel system shut-off valve (Any valve but best of all would be for motor controled ball valve).For fuel supply to burner management systems, the typical closing time required is 1 sec

Some field inspectors like to instructs us on installing solenoid valves at the liquid inlets of two-stage DX cooling coils. The reason for this and they really required or just optional?

LN2 has a specific heat of vaporization, Cvap, and a specific heat, Cp, as it warms from 77 K to 233 K. Multiply the mass of LN2 injected by Cvap, and by Cp(delta-T), add the two numbers, the result

Deboosters are used to knock high hydrostatic pressures down to a reasonable value. Ours are 4:1 and are used for instrument readings and to keep high pressures out of the cabin.

Permanent magnet return is a good idea. The force generated will usually be highly non linear. As the magnet attracts a pole piece, the air gap will steadily reduce and the attractive force will great

Water hammers should be used on piping that has quick closing valves like solenoid valves or flush valves. Water hammer arrestors should also be used if you have higher pressures or velocities in you