A simple valve that is normally open to allow water to flow (like a drain) but closes when there is a sudden increase of pressure.
Some manufacturers make "excess flow check" valves that are lightly spring loaded open but are forced shut by the process if the differential pressure from the flow through them exceeds a certain value. This may or may not correspond to your pressure surge.
A conventional pressure reducing valve (regulator)  is wide-open until the downstream pressure exceeds its setpoint, then it closes.  A "good" regulator has a very narrow proportional band.
For a set pressure greater than the operating pressure then the valve could be full open depending on the pressure margin.
If you have to protect the downstream piping from overpressure then use two regulators in series (monitor setup).
My suggestion is based on the assumption that the drain line is a smaller diameter like 2", 3" or smaller.

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